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Ileostomy Procedures
The need to cure a disease or condition by removing the entire colon (large intestine) and rectum requires creating a way to evacuate the intestinal waste. The three options available include the conventional Brooke ileostomy, the ileoanal J-pouch, or the continent ileostomy.
Conventional Brooke ileostomy surgery requires a permanent external appliance to collect the intestinal waste because the small intestine is a continuous flow system. Material is produced continuously, even when not eating. The end of the small intestine is brought through an opening in the abdominal wall and sewn to the skin to form a spout or nipple-like projection. This allows the waste to flow into the appliance without contact with the skin. The waste from the small intestine is corrosive to skin, so the appliance must be cemented onto the skin and worn at all times. While most people with a Brooke ileostomy lead a normal life, a significant number will have episodes of leakage with skin irritation, allergies to the adhesives, problems with “bag bulge”, limitation in activities, and difficulty making the emotional adjustment to life with an appliance especially regarding intimate relations and dating. In fact, 11% of people with a Brooke ileostomy will require a surgical revision during their lifetime. This may be for retraction of the stoma with inability to maintain a seal, prolapse (a stoma that becomes very long and rubs against the bag), or hernia.
The ileoanal J-pouch procedure allows the patient to evacuate waste the normal way, but it can never be the way it is with a normal colon. Most people with a J-pouch have 4-7 movements a day. From 5-15% of J-pouch patients have a poor outcome, either due to many evacuations each day and/or incontinence (leakage of gas and stool when not intended).
It is important to understand that a patient with a failed J-pouch does not need to have a standard Brooke ileostomy with the external appliance! That is because the third option is the “continent ileostomy”, originally devised as the Kock pouch and then modified to the Barnett continent intestinal reservoir (BCIR). This procedure creates a reservoir or storage chamber made from the small intestine, together with a valve also made from the small intestine, and a passageway (the access segment which is brought to the skin through the abdominal wall), ending as the stoma. This gives the patient control over the evacuation of their intestinal waste. Several times daily (usually from 2-5 times depending on the individual’s system), while seated on the toilet, a tube (catheter) is painlessly inserted to drain the internal pouch. There is no urgency to doing this and evacuation can be delayed until a convenient time (much longer than with a J-pouch). Since no appliance is required, the stoma of the BCIR is flat (flush to the skin) and only requires a small covering patch to collect mucous that is produced by the stoma tissue.
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